Chapter 2. Files
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# Chapter 2. Files

## 2.1. Files and fragment directories in /etc/apt

All files in /etc/apt are used to modify specific aspects of APT. To enable other packages to ship needed configuration herself all these files have a fragment directory packages can place their files in instead of mangling with the main files. The main files are therefore considered to be only used by the user and not by a package. The documentation omits this directories most of the time to be easier readable, so every time the documentation includes a reference to a main file it really means the file or the fragment directories.

## 2.2. Distribution Source list (sources.list)

The distribution source list is used to locate archives of the debian distribution. It is designed to support any number of active sources and to support a mix of source media. The file lists one source per line, with the fastest source listed first. The format of each line is:

`type uri args`

The first item, `type`, indicates the format for the remainder of the line. It is designed to indicate the structure of the distribution the line is talking about. Currently the only defined values are deb and deb-src which indicate a standard debian (source) archive with a dists directory. More about these types and the URI specification can be found in the sources.list manpage.

### 2.2.1. Hashing the URI

All permanent information acquired from any of the sources is stored in the lists directory. Thus, there must be a way to relate the filename in the lists directory to a line in the sourcelist. To simplify things this is done by quoting the URI and treating _'s as quoteable characters and converting / to _. The URI spec says this is done by converting a sensitive character into %xx where xx is the hexadecimal representation from the ASCII character set. Examples:

    http://www.debian.org/archive/dists/stable/binary-i386/Packages
    /var/lib/apt/lists/www.debian.org_archive_dists_stable_binary-i386_Packages

    cdrom:Debian 1.3/debian/Packages
    /var/lib/apt/info/Debian%201.3_debian_Packages

The other alternative that was considered was to use a deep directory structure but this poses two problems, it makes it very difficult to prune directories back when sources are no longer used and complicates the handling of the partial directory. This gives a very simple way to deal with all of the situations that can arise. Also note that the same rules described in the Archive Directory section regarding the partial sub dir apply here as well.

## 2.3. Extended States File (extended_states)

The extended_states file serves the same purpose as the normal dpkg status file (/var/lib/dpkg/status) except that it stores information unique to apt. This includes currently only the autoflag but is open to store more unique data that come up over time. It duplicates nothing from the normal dpkg status file. Please see other APT documentation for a discussion of the exact internal behavior of these fields. The Package and the Architecture field are placed directly before the new fields to indicate which package they apply to. The new fields are as follows:

Auto-Installed

  The Auto flag can be 1 (Yes) or 0 (No) and controls whether the package was automatically installed to satisfy a dependency or if the user requested the installation

## 2.4. Binary Package Cache (srcpkgcache.bin and pkgcache.bin)

Please see cache.sgml for a complete description of what this file is. The cache file is updated whenever the Packages or Release files of the lists directory or the dpkg status file changes. If the cache is erased, corrupted or of a non-matching version it will be automatically rebuilt by all of the tools that need it. srcpkgcache.bin contains a cache of all of the package, release files in the source list. In comparison to pkgcache.bin, it does not include the /var/lib/dpkg/status file. This allows regeneration of the cache when the status files change to use a prebuilt version for greater speed.

## 2.5. Downloads Directory (archives)

The archives directory is where all downloaded .deb archives go. When the file transfer is initiated the deb is placed in partial. Once the file is fully downloaded and its MD5 hash and size are verified it is moved from partial into archives/. Any files found in archives/ can be assumed to be verified.

No directory structure is transferred from the receiving site and all .deb file names conform to debian conventions. No short (msdos) filename should be placed in archives. If the need arises .debs should be unpacked, scanned and renamed to their correct internal names. This is mostly to prevent file name conflicts but other programs may depend on this if convenient. A conforming .deb is one of the form, name_version_arch.deb. Our archive scripts do not handle epochs, but they are necessary and should be re-inserted. If necessary _'s and :'s in the fields should be quoted using the % convention. It must be possible to extract all 3 fields by examining the file name. Downloaded .debs must be found in one of the package lists with an exact name + version match..

## 2.6. The Methods Directory (/usr/lib/apt/methods)

The Methods directory is more fully described in the APT Methods interface document.

## 2.7. The Configuration File (/etc/apt/apt.conf)

The configuration file (and the associated fragments directory /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/) is described in the apt.conf manpage.

## 2.8. The trusted.gpg File (/etc/apt/trusted.gpg)

The trusted.gpg file (and the files in the associated fragments directory /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/) is a binary file including the keyring used by apt to validate that the information (e.g. the Release file) it downloads are really from the distributor it clams to be and is unmodified and is therefore the last step in the chain of trust between the archive and the end user. This security system is described in the apt-secure manpage.

## 2.9. The Release File

This file plays an important role in how APT presents the archive to the user. Its main purpose is to present a descriptive name for the source of each version of each package. It also is used to detect when new versions of debian are released. It augments the package file it is associated with by providing meta information about the entire archive which the Packages file describes.

The full name of the distribution for presentation to the user is formed as 'label version archive', with a possible extended name being 'label version archive component'.

The file is formed as the package file (RFC-822) with the following tags defined:

Archive

  This is the common name we give our archives, such as stable or unstable.

Component

  Refers to the sub-component of the archive, main, contrib etc. Component may be omitted if there are no components for this archive.

Version

  This is a version string with the same properties as in the Packages file. It represents the release level of the archive.

Origin

  This specifies who is providing this archive. In the case of Debian the string will read 'Debian'. Other providers may use their own string

Label

  This carries the encompassing name of the distribution. For Debian proper this field reads 'Debian'. For derived distributions it should contain their proper name.

Architecture

  When the archive has packages for a single architecture then the Architecture is listed here. If a mixed set of systems are represented then this should contain the keyword mixed.

NotAutomatic

  A Yes/No flag indicating that the archive is extremely unstable and its version's should never be automatically selected. This is to be used by experimental.

Description

  Description is used to describe the release. For instance experimental would contain a warning that the packages have problems.

The location of the Release file in the archive is very important, it must be located in the same location as the packages file so that it can be located in all situations. The following is an example for the current stable release, 1.3.1r6

    Archive: stable
    Component: main
    Version: 1.3.1r6
    Origin: Debian
    Label: Debian
    Architecture: i386

This is an example of experimental,

    Archive: experimental
    Version: 0
    Origin: Debian
    Label: Debian
    Architecture: mixed
    NotAutomatic: Yes

And unstable,

    Archive: unstable
    Component: main
    Version: 2.1
    Origin: Debian
    Label: Debian
    Architecture: i386

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